荔枝果皮多酚氧化酶酶促褐变的研究

从荔枝果皮分别提取多酚氧化酶及其天然底物,两者相作用,形成褐色产物,酶促褐变是荔枝果皮变褐的原因。 从荔枝果皮提取的酚类物质中分离出多酚氧化酶的天然底物。此底物的紫外吸收光谱分别在215和280 nm有一强的和一弱的吸收峰,它的红外吸收光谱在3190、1600、1500 cm~(-1)有很强的吸收峰。     

Differential insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose in the transplantable rat insulinoma--a role for GIP

We have previously demonstrated an impaired insulin response to intraperitoneal glucose and arginine by the transplantable NEDH rat insulinoma. The nature of this tumour B-cell defect has been further studied by investigating the response of insulinoma-bearing rats to intravenous and intragastric glucose. Intravenous glucose failed to stimulate plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) above high basal levels (14.5 +/- 1.1 micrograms/L). However, significant elevation of the plasma IRI concentration was observed following an intragastric glucose load (17.1 +/- 1.5 micrograms/L; P less than 0.02). In view of the different effects of oral and intravenous glucose on insulin secretion in the RIN, implicating an involvement of incretin factors from the gut, the response of the tumour to GIP was investigated. Plasma IRI concentrations rose significantly in these animals (20.6 +/- 2.5 micrograms/L at 5 min, P less than 0.02). We conclude that (a) the transplantable rat insulinoma is responsive to GIP, and (b) that whilst the tumour B-cell has lost its insulin responsiveness to hyperglycaemia produced by intraperitoneal or intravenous glucose, it retains its ability to respond to intragastric glucose. This could be due to incretin factors from the gut of which GIP is currently the strongest candidate.     

Column cellulose hydrolysis reactor: Cellulase adsorption profile

Summary A column cellulose hydrolysis reactor was set up using a single passage of cellulase enzyme which was followed with a continuous percolation of buffer. Hydrolysis rates were found to decline precipitously upon the removal of the non-adsorbed cellulase components. By comparing specific activities of the cellulase before and after adsorption on the cellulose column, it was concluded that the adsorption efficiencies for the cellulase components decreased from exoglucanase (1,4--d-glucan cellobiohydrolase EC 3.2.1.91) to endoglucanase [1,4-(1,3;1,4)--d-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4] to -glucosidase (-d-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21). Of the adsorbed cellulase components, the rate of endoglucanase leaching from the cellulose column was 20 times that for the exoglucanase despite the greater adsorption efficiency of the latter. By analysing the cellulase components which were bound and not bound by the cellulose column and comparing them with a purified exoglucanase enzyme on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, it was confirmed that the major cellulase component adsorbed to the cellulose column was an exoglucanase component. The resultant loss of other cellulase components from the reactor was probably the cause for the much reduced rate of cellulose hydrolysis when these components were flushed out of the column.     

Column cellulose hydrolysis reactor: An efficient cellulose hydrolysis reactor with continuous cellulase recycling

Summary The use of a column cellulose hydrolysis reactor with continuous enzyme recycling was demonstrated by incorporating a continuous ultrafiltration apparatus at the effluent end of the column reactor. Using this setup, over 90% (w/v) cellulose hydrolysis was achieved, resulting in an average sugar concentration of 6.8% (w/v) in the effluent stream. The output of the system was 1.98 g of reducing sugar/l/h with a ratio of 87% (w/v) of the reducing sugars being monomeric sugars. Batch hydrolysis reactors were less effective, resulting in 57% (w/v) of the cellulose being hydrolyzed. The output of the batch reactor was 1.33 g of reducing sugar/l/h with similar product concentrations and percentage of monomeric sugars. The ratio of reducing sugar/filter paper unit of cellulase activity for the column method was 69.1 mg/U as compared to only 21.2 mg/U for the batch reactor.     

The significance of the aprotic solvent in monomer studies related to the primary subunit environment in the macromolecule

An advantage of aprotic polar solvent systems in the study of monomer interactions relevant to the macromolecular state is demonstrated with the measurement of nucleoside amino proton exchange rates in DMSO/water mixtures. The DMSO/water solvent provides the first unequivocal observation of general acid catalysis of nucleic acid amino proton exchange, which is undetectable in aqueous solution due to the formation of the endocyclic protonated nucleobase. Suppression of nucleobase protonation in the presence of buffer acid is a consequence of anion desolvation in the aprotic solvent. The detected route of general acid catalysis is demonstrated as a consequence of Watson-Crick H-bonding, leading to the implication that amino chemistry is modulated in the helical state to decrease amino proton lifetime in the closed macromolecular context of conformational information obtained by hydrogen exchange methods. This useful property of the aprotic solvent can be extended to monomeric studies pertaining to specific local site interactions affecting the function and conformation of proteins and nucleic acids.     

Interferon affects intracellular calmodulin levels

Interferon lowers calmodulin levels in two cell lines sensitive to its antiproliferative effect. Further, in synchronized cells, interferon strongly inhibits the increase in calmodulin observed when control cells enter the S phase, and concomitantly inhibits DNA synthesis. Calmodulin has been implicated in the control of cell proliferation and an increase in this protein seems to be necessary for the progression of cells into the S phase of the cell cycle. Therefore, the effect of interferon on calmodulin content might constitute part of the molecular mechanism by which interferon inhibits DNA synthesis.     

Paper replication method for isolation of radiation-sensitive mutants.

A filter paper replication system particularly useful for isolation of radiation-sensitive mutants of pigmented bacteria was devised. The fidelity of replication was high. Adhesion between a paper disk and a properly dried master plate provided adequate contact pressure. The replicas arising from this technique constitute a convenient apparatus for general application in isolation of clones sensitive to a discriminating treatment.     

Postural influence on maternal capillary oxygen and carbon dioxide tension

The effect of posture on maternal capillary blood Po₂ and Pco₂ was studied in pregnant and non-pregnant women. There was a significant decrease of Po₂ (mean 13·0 mm. Hg) and significant decrease of Pco₂ (mean 2·4 mm. Hg) when pregnant women sat up, but these changes did not occur in the non-pregnant. These findings may be relevant to debate on the optimum posture for labour.     

L-乳酸脱氢酶热变性的热力学研究

用差示扫描量热法对L-乳酸脱氢酶的热变性进行了研究(温度扫描范围为290—390K,酶蛋白溶液浓度为0.28—0.72mg蛋白/mg溶液)。实验观察到当酶溶液浓度在0.62—0.72mg蛋白/mg溶液范围内有一个吸热转变,酶溶液浓度小于0.62mg蛋白/mg溶液时有两个未完全分开的吸热转变。 这个酶的量热焓与范德霍夫焓的比远大于1,而接近于2,这表明乳酸脱氢酶的变性过程不是一个简单的两态转变,从热力学和吸热峰的形状、大小分析,可以推断乳酸脱氢酶分子是由两个以弱相互作用相连结的合作结构区组成,而每一个结构区是由两个相互作用很强的亚基组成。也就是说乳酸脱氨酶的变性过程包括两个半独立的合作结构区的转变,每一个结构区的转变都近似一个两态转变,ΔHeal与ΔHvh的比值是随着两个半独立部分相互作用的增强,即蛋白浓度的增加而减小。随着蛋白浓度的减小,蛋白质周围水分子增多,酶分子中两个半独立部分的相对独立性增强,这可由热谱图上一个吸热转变变成两个半独立的转变得到证实。